Category Archives: Conference Paper

Effect of Water on the Auto-Ignition of a Non-Carbon Nitrogen-Based Monofuel

Posted on September 27, 2017 by | 1 comment

Bar Mosevitzky*, Rotem Azoulay, Lilach Naamat, Gennady E. Shter, Gideon S. Grader
Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Israel

NH3 Fuel Conference, Minneapolis, November 1, 2017
AIChE Annual Meeting, Topical Conference: NH3 Energy+

ABSTRACT

The fluctuating nature of renewable energy sources is becoming a limiting factor in their widespread utilization. Energy storage solutions must be developed to overcome this issue. Chemical fuels are considered to be a promising solution to this problem. We are studying the implementation of nitrogen-based fuels for this purpose. An aqueous solution of ammonium nitrate and ammonium hydroxide (AAN) is suggested as a carbon-free nitrogen-based synthetic monofuel. This solution may serve as a renewable nitrogen-based synthetic hydrogen carrier since it is safe to store, transport and utilize. Since ammonium hydroxide (AH) and ammonium nitrate (AN) act as reducer and net oxidizer, they can combust without the need for an external oxidizer (i.e. O2/Air). The amount of water in this solution greatly affects the saturation point and hence the sensitivity to re-crystallization at low temperatures which in turn affects the storage conditions. Thus, the effect of AAN’s water content on its thermal autoignition must be investigated. Continue reading →

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Direct Ammonia Fuel Cell Utilizing an OH- Ion Conducting Membrane Electrolyte

Posted on September 27, 2017 by | 4 comments

Yushan Yan1, Shimshon Gottesfeld1,2*
[1] University of Delaware; and [2] FC Consulting Ltd, United States

NH3 Fuel Conference, Minneapolis, November 1, 2017
AIChE Annual Meeting, Topical Conference: NH3 Energy+

ABSTRACT

We describe the techno-economic background and the R&D work scheduled for the ARPA-E project “Direct Ammonia Fuel Cells (DAFCs) for Transportation Applications,” which is about to start under the REFUEL program. The project is led by Shimshon Gottesfeld & Yushan Yan, University of Delaware, Jia Wang & Radoslav Adzic, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Chulsung Bae, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and Bamdad Bahar, Xergy Inc. The multidisciplinary R&D work scheduled will cover the fields of advanced membrane and electrocatalyst development, MEA development and fabrication, and stack engineering. The latter two activities will be supported by work at POCellTech, with Miles Page as lead.

The Project Vision is creation of a high power density, direct ammonia fuel cell suitable for transportation applications, using a hydroxide exchange membrane electrolyte and operating the cell near 100°C. A practical ammonia fuel cell should enable use of the lowest cost, carbon-neutral liquid fuel for clean, long-range transportation. Continue reading →

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Development of New Combustion Strategy for Internal Combustion Engine Fueled By Pure Ammonia

Posted on September 27, 2017 by | 1 comment

Donggeun Lee*, Hyungeun Min, Hyunho Park, Han Ho Song
Seoul National University, South Korea

NH3 Fuel Conference, Minneapolis, November 1, 2017
AIChE Annual Meeting, Topical Conference: NH3 Energy+

ABSTRACT

Ammonia is considered as a promising hydrogen-carrier with good storability and transportability, which, then, can be used as a carbon-free fuel as needed. However, once the ammonia is produced from the regenerative sources, it is essential to develop the energy conversion device of the chemical energy stored in ammonia into some other useful forms, e.g. electricity. Among various candidates, we focus on an internal combustion engine as energy conversion device which can be applied on automobile, power plant and etc. and can use ammonia as fuel only by simple modification. There have been many studies on the use of ammonia as an engine fuel, but rather poor combustion characteristics of ammonia for conventional engine combustion techniques was seen as difficult to overcome and nearly all the researchers compromised by using additional fuels which combusted better than ammonia for their purposes. Continue reading →

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Development of Materials and Systems for Ammonia-Fueled Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Posted on September 27, 2017 by | 3 comments

Koichi Eguchi1*, Yosuke Takahashi2, Hayahide Yamasaki3, Hidehito Kubo4, Akihiro Okabe5, Takenori Isomura6, Takahiro Matsuo7
[1] Kyoto University; [2] Noritake; [3] Nippon Shokubai; [4] Toyota Industries; [5] Mitsui Chemicals; [6] Tokuyama; and [7] IHI Corporation, Japan

NH3 Fuel Conference, Minneapolis, November 1, 2017
AIChE Annual Meeting, Topical Conference: NH3 Energy+

ABSTRACT

Hydrogen is the primary fuel source for fuel cells. However, the low volume density and difficulty in storage and transportation are major obstacles for the practical utilization. On-site generation of hydrogen from its carrier is an effective method for the fuel supply. Among various hydrogen carriers, ammonia is one of the promising candidates. Ammonia has high hydrogen density. The boiling point of ammonia is relatively high, leading to the ease in liquefaction and transportation. Hydrogen can be produced from ammonia with a mildly endothermic process. The reaction temperature of ammonia cracking is about 600˚C or higher which is close to the operating temperature of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). The integration of these two devices is beneficial in terms of heat and energy managements and will lead to the development of simplified power generation systems. In this presentation, three types of ammonia-fueled SOFC systems have been investigated. Continue reading →

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Detailed Observation of Coal-Ammonia Co-Combustion Processes

Posted on September 27, 2017 by | 4 comments

Noriaki Nakatsuka*, Junpei Fukui, Kazuki Tainaka, Hidetaka Higashino, Jun Hayashi, Fumiteru Akamatsu
Osaka University, Japan

NH3 Fuel Conference, Minneapolis, November 1, 2017
AIChE Annual Meeting, Topical Conference: NH3 Energy+

ABSTRACT

Coal-fired power generation is supplying about 30% of the world’s primary energy. Almost all of coal-fired power plants in Japan employ the pulverized coal combustion method. In the pulverized coal combustion, coal is pulverized into a powder of several tens of microns. This method enables to burn coal effectively because of the large surface to volume ratio. Pulverized coal particles are supplied to the actual boilers with primary air whose Air/Coal ratio (mass flow rate of primary air/mass flow rate of pulverized coal) is set to 2.0. Co-combustion of coal with ammonia has been studied with the aim of reducing CO2 emissions in coal boilers and coal power plants in terms of a concept to use ammonia as a renewable fuel from solar, wind, etc. Continue reading →

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Combustion Emissions from NH3 Fuel Gas Turbine Power Generation Demonstrated

Posted on September 27, 2017 by | Leave a comment

Osamu Kurata1*, Norihiko Iki1, Takahiro Inoue1, Takayuki Matsunuma1, Taku Tsujimura2, Hirohide Furutani2, Hideaki Kobayashi3, Akihiro Hayakawa3
[1] National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST); [2] Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA); and [3] Tohoku University, Japan

NH3 Fuel Conference, Minneapolis, November 1, 2017
AIChE Annual Meeting, Topical Conference: NH3 Energy+

ABSTRACT

To protect against global warming, a massive influx of renewable energy is expected. Although H2 is a renewable media, its storage and transportation in large quantity is difficult. NH3 fuel, however, is an H2 energy carrier and carbon-free fuel, and its storage and transportation technology is already established. Although NH3 fuel combustion was studied in the 1960s in the USA, the development of an NH3 fuel gas turbine had been abandoned because combustion efficiency was unacceptably low [1]. Recent demand for H2 energy carrier revives the usage of NH3 fuel, but no one has attempted an actual design setup for NH3 fuel gas turbine power generation. The National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) in Japan collaborated with Tohoku University successfully performed NH3-kerosene gas turbine power generation in 2014, and NH3 fuel gas turbine power generation in 2015 [2]. Continue reading →

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The Role of “Green” Ammonia in Decarbonising Energy Systems: Practical Demonstration and Economic Considerations

Posted on September 26, 2017 by | 2 comments

Ian Wilkinson
Siemens, United Kingdom

NH3 Fuel Conference, Minneapolis, November 1, 2017
AIChE Annual Meeting, Topical Conference: NH3 Energy+

ABSTRACT

Ammonia has the potential to contribute significantly to the decarbonisation of energy systems, by offering a practical, carbon-free hydrogen storage and transportation vector as well as a green fuel in its own right. To better understand the prospects and challenges surrounding the use of ammonia in energy systems, Siemens is leading a collaborative project to build and test an ammonia-based energy storage system at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in the UK. Together with its project partners (the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council, the University of Oxford and the University of Cardiff), and supported by Innovate UK, Siemens will demonstrate the full energy cycle of renewable power converted into ammonia and then back into electricity for grid export. Continue reading →

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Comprehensive Evaluation of NH3 Production and Utilization Options for Clean Energy Applications

Posted on September 26, 2017 by | Leave a comment

Yusuf Bicer1, Ibrahim Dincer1, Greg Vezina2*
1 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, and 2 Hydrofuel Inc., Canada

NH3 Fuel Conference, Minneapolis, November 1, 2017
AIChE Annual Meeting, Topical Conference: NH3 Energy+

ABSTRACT

The project proposes a comprehensive investigation on the analysis, assessment and optimization of ammonia synthesis processes under renewable energy portfolio, including low-cost hydro, wind, solar, geothermal, ocean, biomass, etc. Furthermore, ammonia production via hydrocarbon decomposition, which will be investigated in the study, is a promising option to utilize fossil fuels in a cleaner and environmentally benign way. Case studies for various locations and applications in communities, cities and provinces to develop and implement clean solutions are performed. The objectives of this project include energy and exergy analyses, environmental impact assessments, thermo-economic analyses and evaluations, optimization studies, experimental investigation, scalability and feasibility analyses. The analyses results will show the optimized solutions for the ammonia synthesis depending on different locations in Canada. Moreover, emerging ammonia synthesis methods will be investigated which can bring additional cost and efficiency benefits. Continue reading →

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Ammonia Renewable Energy Fuel Systems at Continental Scale

Posted on September 26, 2017 by | Leave a comment

William C. Leighty
The Leighty Foundation, United States

NH3 Fuel Conference, Minneapolis, November 1, 2017
AIChE Annual Meeting, Topical Conference: NH3 Energy+

ABSTRACT

We must soon “run the world on renewables” but cannot, and should not try to, accomplish this entirely with electricity transmission. New, abundant, low-cost, unconventional natural gas supplies are finite; burning adds CO2 to Earth’s atmosphere.

Humanity’s goal must be nothing less than: Transforming the world’s largest industry from ~80% fossil to ~100% renewable, CO2-emission-free energy sources as quickly as we prudently and profitably can.

We should now carefully consider using pipeline networks, rather than the electricity grid, for solving the three salient technical problems of renewable energy (RE) at lower cost Continue reading →

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Ammonia Fuel Safety

Posted on September 26, 2017 by | Leave a comment

Trevor Brown
AmmoniaIndustry.com, United States

NH3 Fuel Conference, Minneapolis, November 1, 2017
AIChE Annual Meeting, Topical Conference: NH3 Energy+

ABSTRACT

This paper introduces the existing literature on the safety of using ammonia as a fuel, which provides comparative data for a range of traditional and alternative fuels and energy carriers. The studies reviewed conclude that risk levels associated with using ammonia as a fuel are “similar to those of gasoline,” or “similar, if not lower than for the other fuels,” also including hydrogen, methanol, LPG, and CNG. Ammonia as a fuel can meet all “acceptable” risk levels in even the most stringent regulatory jurisdictions. Continue reading →

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